A critique of a defense of abortion a book by judith jarvis thomson Essay

In this paper, I will explain in what circumstances an abortion would be unjust based on Thomson’s argument.   Also, I will explain why this result does nothing to weaken her argument.   In Thomson’s â€Å"A Defense of Abortion†, she makes a claim that it is usually morally permissible, just that is, to have an abortion.   She defends this claim with varying analogies, the strongest being the case of the violinist which I will explain later.   Thomson’s main point (only for the sake of argument) is that the fetus does have a right to life (Thomson p. 29).   However, she also points out that it is morally permissible to perform an abortion if the fetus has not been granted the right to use the mother’s body (Thomson p.31).   I will argue that in certain cases the fetus is in fact granted right to use of the mother’s body, and therefore, in such cases, it would be unjust to perform an abortion. I will argue for this by presenting an analogy presented by Thomson in her paper.   In this analogy, Thomson presents a situation: You have been kidnapped by a music group to have your kidneys hooked up to a famous ailing violinist’s body for nine months in order for him to survive.   Thomson claims that it would not be unjust or morally impermissible for you to unplug yourself from the violinist’s body because he has been granted no right to use your body (Thomson p. 30).   Now, I will use this analogy to argue for when it would be unjust to unplug yourself from the violinist’s body.   Suppose, for example, that this music group had asked you for permission to use your body prior to plugging you into the violinist.   Say, that you gave them permission and agreed to be attached to the violinist for nine months.   However, later on, you decide that you have better things to do than to be stuck to this violinist for nine months, and then decide to unplu g yourself from the violinist, leading to his death.   That act would be an unjust killing; because you gave the violinist the right to use your body, then took it away from him. I will now use the example of an actual pregnancy to defend my argument for the unjust killing of a fetus.   Suppose that a young couple, both in their mid-twenties decides to have their first child; this is your typical planned pregnancy.   They buy a new home and all other certain baby necessities.   However, say that during this pregnancy the couple has a change of heart.   Say that spontaneously the couple decides that they do not yet desire a child.   Thus, they decide to have an abortion for the child that they had previously given the right to life; they had previously given it the right to use the mother’s body.   It would thus be an unjust killing of the fetus, and it violates the fetus’ right not to be killed unjustly. This result does not weaken Thomson’s argument by any means.   I say this because Thomson was arguing for when an abortion is not morally impermissible (Thomson p. 37).   She was not arguing for which cases an abortion is impermissible.   Therefore, further questioning as to which abortions would be unjust under Thomson’s argument would be irrelevant.   Also, I was able to make my argument without relinquishing any of Thomson’s claims.   Moreover, based on my argument, one can, in fact, make a claim for what â€Å"certain† cases of abortion are morally impermissible.   Lastly, Thomson is merely pretending that a fetus is a person from conception in the first place, so her notion that some abortions may be unjust is irrelevant to her opponent’s argument (Thomson p.37)

Career Research Project on Business Management Essay

1.JOB TITLE Business Administration and Management, or Sales Management JOB DESCRIPTION Direct the actual distribution or movement of a product or service to the customer. Establish training programs for sales representatives. Analyze sales statistics gathered by staff to determine sales potential and inventory requirements and to monitor the preference of the consumer. Daily activities include selling or influencing others-convincing others to buy merchandise or otherwise changing their minds. Making decisions and solving problems, evaluating, and analyzing information and data to make decisions and solve problems. Establishing and maintaining a rappur with customers and employees. Basically providing structure within the company and making authority decisions. Sources: Career in Business by Richard Watkins page 27-35, Myers Briggs, Best Jobs for the 21st Century Second 2.EDUCATION/TRAINING REQUIREMENTS Work experience plus degree, preferably 4 year degree. Majoring in Business Administration and Management, in which most schools offer degrees in business. Prerequisites that are needed to take and helpful would include macroeconomics, intro to business, accounting, microeconomics, Principals of Management and Organization, and many other courses that will prepare you for the management field. The current cost per credit at USF is $84.77 for Florida residents, the overall cost for 2 years for a business degree including cost of living would roughly be estimated at $31,930.00 excluding financial assistance, grants, and possible scholarships. Source: www.usf.edu  under prospective student. 3.CHARACTERISTICS OF OCCUPATION Personality type: Enterprising. Enterprising occupations frequently involve starting up and carrying out projects. In management for example would include leading people and making many decisions, requiring risk taking. Abilities: Oral comprehension-the ability to listen to and to understand information and ideas presented verbally. Written comprehension-the ability to read and understand information and ideas in writing. The ability to communicate information verbally so that others will understand. Speech clarity-the ability to speak clearly and educated so that it is understood. The biggest skills of all to me is the Speaking, being able to talk to others to effectively explain information and using critical thinking to use logic and analyze the strength and weaknesses of different approaches. In general you have to obtain a people person communication with a positive attitude and motivational actions towards the company and the employees. Sources: Occupational Outlook Handbook page 347 4.TRENDS AND FUTURE OUTLOOK Speculated at 23% growth with 89,237 annual job openings with 2.4% being self employed and 2.6% part timers. My interviewee stated that there will always be plenty of job openings and positions available for anyone with a degree in business rather if its for sales management or even corporate america because we are a consumer based country, all though this does have its ups and downs regarding the economy there will always be positions needed for qualified good character, educated, leading, person for any company. There will always be a need for leaders in companies. Sources: Best Jobs for the 21st century Second Edition by Farr Ludden page 206 5.SALARIES Yearly earnings according to The best jobs of the 21st century is $57,300.  According to my interviewee, the average sales management is usually also based on commission and perks within the corporation but says at least $30,000 annually but up to sky’s the limit depending on your motivation, desire, and determination to succeed. Sources: Best Jobs for the 21st century Second Edition by Farr Ludden page 206

Auditing Chaper 2&3

Chapter 2 2-7 The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) is responsible for establishing auditing standards for audits of public companies. The ASB is responsible for establishing auditing standards for private companies. 2-10 The criticism of this statement according to the ten generally accepted auditing standards that the standards should provide useful guidelines for conducting an audit to improve practitioners’ quality of their performance.Based upon ten generally accepted auditing standards, the quality control system can provide only reasonable assurance, not a guarantee, that auditing standards followed with a professional judgment of their opinion. 2-16 a. The first general standard, which states in part, that a person must perform the audit or persons having adequate technical training, requires that an auditor have education and experience in the field of auditing. . The measures of the quality of the auditor’s performance are by accepting the gene ral standards of auditing. c. The general group of the generally accepted auditing standards includes a requirement of due professional care be exercised by the auditor. d. The criteria of audit plan and evidence gathering the general character of the three generally accepted auditing standards classified as standards of fieldwork. 2-20 a.The ethical implications of Rossi and Montgomery’s accepting the engagement is having adequate training and proficiency, due professional care, proper planning and supervision, sufficient understanding of the entity, its environment, and its internal control. Since Mobile Home Manufacturing Company decided to issue stock to the public and Rossi and Montgomery’s CPA firm never had a client to go public or might not had proper training of filling necessary paperwork for SEC should not accept the engagement. b.The auditor may face some problems when filing the SEC of the following: new securities registration statement submitted for appr oval, commission examines the statements for completeness before allowing their client to sell on the securities exchange, and require the financial statements along with the opinion of the independent firm to be part of the registration statement and subsequent reports. Let us not forget the auditor must file all of the proper paperwork from the S-1 form to register new security and any other special S-forms.The 8-K form includes the sale of subsidiary, change in officer, a new product line, or change of auditors. The 10-K form must file the annual report within 60 to 90 days after the close of each fiscal year according to the size of company. The 10-Q form must be file quarterly for all public held companies that contain valuable information within the financials to be review by the auditors before filing with the commission. Chapter 3 3-23 a.The report includes additional paragraphs for the definition and limitations of internal control of the combined report on the financial st atements and internal control over financial reporting is correct. b. The date of the CPA’s opinion on the financial statements of the client should be the date of the completion of all important audit procedures. c. If a principal auditor decides to refer in his or her report to the audit of another auditor, he or she is required to disclose the portion of the financial statements audited by the other auditor. -25 a. A CPA will issue an adverse auditor’s opinion if the exception to the fairness of presentation is so material that an â€Å"except for† opinion is not justified. b. An auditor will most likely disclaim an opinion because of a client-imposed scope limitation. c. The paragraph expresses an qualified opinion â€Å"In our opinion, except for the effects of not capitalizing certain lease obligations, as discussed in the preceding paragraph, the financial statements present fairly†, in all material respects,†¦ 3-26 a.It allows immaterial erro rs to be review if the financial statements show misinformation within the transactions and balances. b. Using the phrase â€Å"In conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America† rather than â€Å"are properly stated to represent the true economic conditions† indicate the auditor followed standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. Because financial statements prepared in accordance with U. S. accounting principles and audited in accordance with U. S. uditing standards are available throughout the world on the Internet, the country of origin of the accounting principles used in preparing the financial statements and auditing standards followed by the auditor identified in the audit report. c. Using the phrase â€Å"In our opinion† indicates that maybe some information risk associated with the financial statements, even though the statements been audit. Also, the first and fourth generally accepted auditin g reporting standards that require auditors to state an opinion about the financial statements taken as whole, including a conclusion about whether the company followed U.S. generally accepted accounting principles or the IFRS issued by the IASB. d. The name identifies that CPA firm or practitioner who performed the audit to ensure the quality of the audit meets professional standards of legal and responsibility. e. Using material misstatement within the audit report conveys that the auditors are responsible only to search for significant misstatements, not the minor misstatements that do not affect users’ decisions.

No topic based on scenario and questions to be incorporated Essay

No topic based on scenario and questions to be incorporated - Essay Example Indeed, I will extend my warm welcome to my partner in the Community Based Organisation (CBO) who will be bringing a potential funder to the Saturday Academy the following day. There is every need to meet this funder as a way of showing appreciation to this rare opportunity since he will need to catch the 11.30 am flight. Compared to attending the daughter’s basketball tournament, this opportunity to meet the potential funder will go a long way towards development of my career as both administrator and leader. Indeed, there is every need to be devoted to work and show commitment especially during the period of crisis where the institution you are running is facing critical challenges such as budget cuts instead of choosing to pursue personal luxury activities which will leave you exposed once you miss the perfect opportunity of getting the much needed assistance. I will also take the opportunity to engage the parents who represent the graduation committee since these are very important stakeholders in the running of the school and cannot in any way object to their proposal but would happily give them a nod to engage the photographer. The occasion of graduation is historic such that it has to be recorded in true fashion. It can be suicidal to delegate my second assistant principal to attend to such important scheduled meetings as this would reflect a negative attitude of my leadership qualities. Such important business which affects the overall running of the institution requires the head to be present as this would show commitment to the school as well as reflect positive leadership traits. In this particular case, the issue of great concern to me is the need to get funding for the institution since this would make it relatively easier to run it. Almost all activities at school require some funding to ensure its smooth running. The first three things I need to do as the principal include the following: instil discipline among students and members of staff,

Should football managers be sacked when results (on the field) are Essay

Should football managers be sacked when results (on the field) are poor - Essay Example A football manager can have the best players in the world, but without credible managerial skills, less talented players who have a better managing team will beat his team. Each player has their own talents, qualities and strengths that proper workout on a daily basis that is meant to sustain morale, motivation and competence the player’s capabilities will not be portrayed in the games. They will be wasted. The secret to football success is in the backroom stuff and management. The best way to ensure staff competence is by understanding what the different football manager stuff attributes mean for training, transfer handling and scouting- this is what is called the ‘non-play attributes’. The decision to hire or sack a manager implies the consideration of aspects linked to environmental pressures, the importance of experience and skill of the manager and the emotional empathy of the manager with the institution. It is important that the manager be sacked based of f ield performance because just as Tena said, there are other external factors to be considered. These factors include the sponsors, the fans, the stakeholders, and the prestige of the football club among others. If a team keeps losing, then there is pressure from these external attributes on the management to take measures towards the rectification of the problem. These measures may lead to the sacking of the manager and other staff members. ... If a team keeps losing, then there is pressure from these external attributes on the management to take measures towards the rectification of the problem. These measures may lead to the sacking of the manager and other staff members. Apart from external factors, there are internal factors that would lead to the sacking of a manager in football. Paolo Di Canio was sacked from being Sunderland’s manager after a player rebellion where several players refused to play for him again. This made it impossible for him to continue managing the team (The telegraph, 2013:16). For the effective management of a football club, the manager should show certain coaching attributes that he should ensure the players are good. These include; attacking, defending goalkeeping coaching and fitness. The lack of these skills will lead to game loses and so if the manager cannot ensure proper training of the players then he should be sacked. The manager should also have a good mental capability i.e. his ability to observe, and act upon an individual’s state of mind and be able to act accordingly. Apart from this, the manager’s ability to work with the youth should be a contributing factor to how well the team will act in the games. The relationship between the players and the manager needs to be good for there to be effective management and good results. It this relationship is compromised, for example, if the players feel that the management is like a dictatorship, or there is no respect for the management, then the manager will not be effective in his managerial duties, and he should therefore be replaced. These are some of the factors that will lead to poor performance; the manager should be replaced when the team has poor performance because it is a

No Housing Around Texas Wesleyan University Research Proposal

No Housing Around Texas Wesleyan University - Research Proposal Example The company that was employed also works with the major street improvements that take place around the area where the university is situated. The admissions that usually take place at the university are considered to be selective and the undergraduate enrollment is 1,794 while the graduate enrollment is 1,410 students. Fifty eight percent of the student population is female and there are 1,233 students who are enrolled in the full time programs while 561 are enrolled in the part time with 44 percent of the student body being identified as minority. Only 412 students reside inside the campus out of the total population of the school due to lack of adequate boarding and accommodation facilities in the university and most of the students that are enrolled in this university are from Texas. Out of the total population of the students that are enrolled by the university, only 412 students live inside the university and the rest of the students have to find alternative places to live outside the campus. There are houses that offer this alternative residential living for the students but these houses are expensive for the students and cannot house many of the students. There are no apartment buildings that can adequately cater for the accommodation needs of many of the students at the same time. As a result of the lack in adequate housing for the university students at the Texas Wesleyan University, the prices that the students who do not get accommodation inside the university have to pay at the alternative housing around the university are very high. The limited housing that exists around the university does not offer competitive rates that are in the range that the university charges those students living within the campus. This makes the students seek alternative housing in areas that are further from the campus so that they can be able to have relatively lower rates.

Soccer, The Golden Era Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Soccer, The Golden Era - Essay Example The season went down well for months, and after it was over the approach changed and instead it was merged the selection of league (Mauricio 36). They were divided into A- League teams this league was named along Fifa’s recognition. In the same year, olympics took of, hosted by Atlanta, the men in the olympic did not perform well as it was expected, women performed their best and worn in the olympics that year. Then there after, it was soccer, this tournament had a huge number of fans from every corner of the world during the final day of the match. The success of the women in both games motivated the U.S organizing comittee that was taking care of the whole event (Richard 31). The organising body said, â€Å"it will be ready to support any games especially soccer, to improve the talents of people out their and also recognize were their is an effort made towards success.† Meanwhile, the world cup 1998, was about to kick of, and the qualifications were also in a process. The first time that U.S won, was back in the year 1977, this was the first time for U.S to qualify without involving Mexico (William 17). This was a success, and they had to work smart to make sure they retain the posion again. Some of the main team players were also from different states, but all determined to win in every game. FIFA provided coaches kits, and also playing grounds with large holding capacities, reason being the number of fans was growing at a high rate. In 1999, had considerable success stories, but in this same year women’s, soccer was set to begin (James 25). The women’s energy and the determination made people to have high expectations on them the team tied up for the first position before they were to go for the finals. The team, which was made up of youths, had a loyal fan base which was peaceful and also excellent sportsmanship, and respect. The team was the ambassador for young girls as their role

Business Management Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Management Systems - Essay Example Job functions will vary from research to production, from marketing to finance and personnel management. As there will be a lot of cross functional activities, unambiguous communication is very much needed in between these division and functional roles. Conflicts are very much probable in a scenario of cross functional activities. Disagreement can happen in a situation where the functional goals would overlap each other. Performance and productivity can go on toss in a disapproving situation. There can be many reasons for conflicts but opaque communication is the foremost one. For an example in a cross functional scenario employees may have to report o two bosses; one from the product department and other from the functional department. Power struggle, resource scarcity and ambiguity regarding the authority can very well be the reasons of an undesirable situation. In such a scenario communication is of utmost importance. Clear communication and discussion can remove the disagreements and misunderstandings between employees or departments. In any business customers are of utmost magnitude. Communication is very much needed for effective servicing and enhanced product line up. Information system can take different way of communication. A designing and manufacturing house must have the knowledge of the market and customer demands. Many organizations can have their own market research team; some outsource this activity to others. Whatever be the scenario, depending upon the market research report the designing division prepares an outline of the product, i.e. the car. The designing division tries to make the design as per the market demand; but for this they are mostly dependent on their research and development team. A new innovation takes place in that division. For a new product after the designing is done, it passes on the specification to

Film review Movie Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Film - Movie Review Example Thesis statement Success in moviemaking demands the incorporation of a good plotline, believable characters and a socio-cultural strong theme, as is seen in the movie Mean Streets. Summary of the Plot Charlie is the protagonist in the film. He works for his uncle, Mr. Giovanni who is the head of a New York mafia gang. Charlie attempts to rise through the ranks of mafia organization, but his Catholic convictions and sense of responsibility towards his friend Johnny Boy dissuade him. Charlie is having a secret affair with Teresa, Johnny’s cousin who is ostracized because she is epileptic. Charlie attempts to secure redemption from the Catholic Church, unsuccessfully. He resorts to succoring Johnny as a way of realizing this redemption. Johnny goes to Michael’s bar, where Michael unsuccessfully coerces him into settling his debts. This leads to a brawl between the two. Later on, Michael and his henchmen trail the Johnny, Charlie and Teresa, engaging them into a drive-by sh ooting. Johnny is shot in the neck and Charlie who is also the driver, in the hand. This causes the car to crush. An ambulance arrives and its paramedics whisk away the three to a hospital (Mean Streets, 1). Dimensions and Criteria for Evaluating the Film Different dimensions can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of a movie. The four main dimensions include: the use of sound; composition of the movie; theatrical dimensions of the film image; and the dimensions between artistic traditions and the movie. The theatrical dimension which mainly factors the film image is well seen in the way Scorsese as the movie director uses lighting and its different entities. For example, at an instance, Giovanni as the leader of the New York Mafia gang is depicted against a dark background, in his secret rendezvous. Herein, Giovanni has a cigar in his hand, convincing Charlie to severe his association with his Johnny Boy, since honorable men hang with honorable men. This clearly helps the audienc e identify Giovanni as a villain and his rendezvous as a crime den. There are several criteria that are applicable in evaluating the film. The story, characters, direction and overall effectiveness of the film are some of the criteria that can be used to evaluate Mean Streets. Touching the criterion which is the storyline, Mean Streets is a success because the storyline has complete concomitance with the intent of the movie. It is obvious that the author intended to bring out the aspect of democratization of religion, in the movie. The movie’s storyline brings out this aspect successfully. Charlie is good-willed, despite the rut he finds himself in. The convictions he has for Catholicism is still deeply etched in his person and he resultantly seeks redemption in the Catholic Church, albeit unsuccessfully. He sacrifices himself for his friend Johnny to gain this redemption. The church’s act of turning down Charlie’s noble intent effectively brings out the failure of religion to democratize. This also serves as a clarion call for change. The characters remain believable throughout the movie. Cesare Danova as Giovanni possesses a serious mien which fits the role he plays as the local caporegime. Giovanni sits in his office well dressed and smoking a cigar. He tells Charlie that honorable men go with honorable men. This helps portray Giovanni as the ringleader of the mafia group. At the same time, the same

HTM101 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

HTM101 - Research Paper Example The American accommodation industry regularly acknowledges Marriott Hotels as a leading player because of practicing grand business ethics. In addition to being an event and accommodation company, Marriott Hotels oversees the high-quality visitor loyalty initiative called Marriott Rewards and The Ritz-Carlton Rewards initiatives that collectively exceed 45 million members globally (Kuang, 2012). Before 1957, founder J. Willard Marriott, along with his spouse Alice, ran a simple root beer store in Washington D.C. that gradually grew a drive-in diner called Hot Shoppes in 1927 (Marriott Jr. and Brown, 2013). Between 1957 and 1985, Marriott created Marriott Hotels as a means of venturing into the accommodation and hospitality sector fully. This business move was historical for the company since it marked the bold application of the owner’s interest in worldwide enterprise. Before his demise in 1985, Marriott transformed the American, Mexican, and European hospitality sectors with the foundation of the pioneering and biggest motor hotel (Marriott Jr. and Brown, 2013). The takeover of Marriott Hotels by Marriott’s son, J. W. Junior, saw the inclusion of numerous new brands into the organization’s operations and partnerships as a creative model (Marriott Jr. and Brown, 2013). This model was the first of its kind since it aimed at extending stays for business visitors or guests in all Marriott Hotels. In 1993, J. W. Junior formally founds a new organization, Marriott International Inc. that takes over operational and managerial roles for all Marriott Hotels and its brands (Marriott Jr. and Brown, 2013). By 2014, Marriott International had acquired more than five accommodation companies across the world, including The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company and Renaissance Hotel Group. During the same period, Marriott International launched historic brands in European, Asian, and African markets like Bulgari Hotels & Resorts in Italy, AC Hotels

The personal growth i hope to gain from a college education at Monroe Essay

The personal growth i hope to gain from a college education at Monroe College - Essay Example Currently, I am connected with Delta Airlines as part of the Aviation Operation Department. Although my education was delayed by my job, the working experience taught me discipline and commitment; besides, the jobs were only a means to a higher end- education. These two values are important to me since I can apply them also in my studies here in Monroe College when I get accepted. I learned about Monroe College when they came to the island where my job was located. The school had some seminar and I immediately got interested. Apparently, the school is welcoming even to non U.S. citizens like me which is very comfortable to know. The field of interest that I would like to pursue is Information Technology. I chose this field since I am really interested in how computers work as evident in my first job as a computer technician. Moreover, I believe that knowledge in Information Technology can bring an impact to humanity by discovering more systems that will enhance people’s work productivity. Aside from the interest and some set of skills that would help me in pursuing this field, I believe that Monroe Colleges 75 years of teaching excellence would give me the expertise that I am seeking. The certification examinations that the college of Information Technology can give me a head start once I pass them. Good education involves three players: my parents ( w ho are very supportive), myself ( well-motivated), and the school ( Monroe College). Given these three factors that will probably work together, I am sure that when I become a student of Monroe college, I will seek academic

North Korean Authoritative Government Essay Example for Free

North Korean Authoritative Government Essay In this paper, I will attempt to explain why authoritarianism regimes such as the one in North Korea, still continues to govern even though the government is one of the more corrupted types of government still in existence today. The word authoritarianism is defined as, â€Å"a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc. )†(Word Net) There are currently many countries in our world that are not democratic societies. There are authoritarian regimes that still exist today. Probably one of the more well known authoritarian regimes is the government in North Korea. North Korea gained its independence from Japan in the year 1945. Kim Jong Il is currently the leader of North Korea. The mismanagement of economics through the 1990’s has made North Korea rely heavily on international aid to feed its population. North Korea has expanded their resources to help develop a military of about one million soldiers. Central Intelligence Agency) â€Å"North Korea’s long-range missile development, as well as its nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons programs and massive conventional armed forces, are of major concern to the international community. † (Central Intelligence Agency) The government in North Korea is a big part to blame for the economic struggles. In President Bush’s first State of the Union Speech he declared North Korea as part of the â€Å"Axis of Evil. † Presi dent Bush also went on to say his goal was, â€Å"to prevent regimes that sponsor terror from threatening America or our friends with weapons of mass destruction. He singled out Iraq, Iran and North Korea, claiming these states and their terrorist allies constitute an axis of evil arming to threaten the peace of the world. (Fact Sheet) â€Å"The United States must act against these regimes by denying them the materials, technology and expertise to make nuclear, chemical and biological weapons and provide them to terrorists, Bush said. † (Fact Sheet) North Korea is currently a communist-state one-man dictatorship. Under a communist-state one-man dictatorship elections are held but there is nobody to run against the leader. For instance in September of 2003 there was an election held in North Korea. Kim Jong Il and Kim Yong Nam were the only nominees for the positions and nobody opposed them. (Central Intelligence Agency) The government controls the people. The government rules a lot of what the people of North Korea can do or say. For the executive branch in this country, Kim Jong Il has been the ruler since July of 1994. Kim Yong Nam is the president of its Presidium and he also has the responsibility of representing state and receiving diplomatic credentials. Central Intelligence Agency) As for the legislative branch, the ruling party approves a list of candidates who are elected without opposition, but some seats are held by minor parties. (Central Intelligence Agency) The judicial branch of North Korea consists of a central court, and the judges are elected by the Supreme People’s Assembly. The way this government is set up is very different than the way the democratic states are set up. In a democratic society the people get to vote for leaders and high ranking officials. While in these authoritarianistic regimes, the people have no say in who is going to run their country. There have been many North Koreans that have tried to escape either to China or South Korea. Few people have made it across the boarders safely. However, if they fail to escape and they are captured by the North Korean military they will be tortured or even executed in some cases. (Pearson Education) â€Å"North Korea, one of the worlds most secretive societies, has been accused of egregious human-rights violations, including summary executions, torture, inhumane conditions in prison camps, which hold up to 200,000 prisoners, and denial of freedom of expression and movement. Access to the country is strictly limited and North Koreas domestic media is tightly controlled, making it difficult to substantiate the accusations. † (Pearson Education) I believe a huge part of why North Korea is actually still in existence is because the military has so much control on the people. Of course no country wants to start a war with North Korea because of their military strength and their nuclear weapons. â€Å"A number of stabilizing elements assist the regime’s efforts to maintain internal order. The society seems united in popular support for the party, and the people have a strong sense of national pride. Kim Il Sung, by all indications, truly is admired and supported by the general population. † (Federal Research Division Library of Congress: Pg 275) It is difficult for people that are from a democratic government to actually understand why authoritarianism governments work. Most all of the authoritarianism governments that I know have a strong following from their people. Whether the masses like the leader because he is helping the economy or helping a food shortage situation is another story. Personally I think these people in these countries are so afraid of what the leader might do to them or their family that they just do what they are told. Of course these people have never had it any other way. They don’t know what it is like to have a democracy. They don’t know what it is like to voice their opinion. The people in North Korea didn’t get to choose where they wanted to be born. If we had a free world I’m sure when some of those people realized that there are better governments in the world that won’t control your every move then they would leave the country. It is just not that easy for anyone to just get up and go to China or South Korea. People born into democratic societies should be thankful that they can enjoy the freedoms that they have, because there are other parts of the world where the idea of having rights is completely out of their control. There is no possible way the people can over throw the government in North Korea. North Korea has too strong of a military. One way the government will get overthrown is if it is done internally. The second way it will get overthrown is if they go to war with another country and they lose their power. â€Å"Indeed, research on Korean communism has become the pursuit of an avocation, meandering off the mainstream of contemporary social science. Most students of Korean communism have come under the influence, in varying degrees, of the lingering legacy of Kremlinology and the advancing model of Chinese studies. Following the general lines of development in Chinese studies in the 1960s and 1970s, research on Korean communism has shown an uneven advancement. On balance, research and knowledge concerning North Korea’s domestic politics and economy have developed more rapidly and significantly than the study of its foreign policy, which has remained neglected and underdeveloped. (Kim Pg:282) The economy in North Korea is struggling. Due to flooding and the lack of arable land, the people in North Korea are at a food shortage. Massive amounts of international food aid have allowed people of North Korea not to starve. Central Intelligence Agency) Mal-nutrition and poor living conditions still exist heavily in North Korea. As with everything else in the country, the government has the right to control the food and economic conditions. The religions that are practiced in this authoritarianism government are traditionally Buddhist and Confucianist, with some Christian and syncretic Chondogyo (Religion of the Heavenly Way. ) â€Å"Autonomous religions activities now are almost nonexistent; government sponsored religious groups exist to provide illusion of religious freedom. (Central Intelligence Agency) Like other authoritarianistic governments such as Cuba, Iran, Afghanistan, and Iraq until not to long ago, the regimes will last until somebody does something about it. The United States ended the authoritarianism regime in Iraq because we had enough military power to overtake Sadaam Hussein. The U. S. troops are still over in Iraq trying to force the Iraqi people into having a democracy. The Iraqi people that have voted so far on the new leader of their country is not a man that the United States wants to have them run their country. Sadaam Hussein would still be in power and have complete control of Iraq if the United States didn’t take him out of power. The military balance in South Korea is much stronger then North Korea. In case of another North Korean invasion, the South Korean military only has about 600,000 people while the north has around one million. However these numbers are misleading because of the fact that these numbers don’t include the superior training, equipment, and logistical support that the south has. Kang: Pg 262) â€Å"The South has outspent the North on defense in the last 15 years, if not longer. † (Kang: Pg 262) North Korea’s nuclear threats are a grave concern for South Korea and the rest of the world. The Soviets were building bombs in the 1950’s and China developed a nuclear bomb in the early 1960’s. North Korea didn’t start trying to assemble nuclear weapons until South Korea became a threat to them because they were overtaking North Korea in a lot of areas during the 1970’s. Kang: Pg 266) â€Å"North Korea’s significance to the world with a bomb is much greater than without a bomb. † (Kang: Pg 266)In conclusion, there are many reasons why the authoritarianism regime in North Korea is still up and running to this day. There is simply no way that anyone can overthrow the government unless it is done internally. The people located in these authoritarianism regimes usually like the leader, and agree to what he says. These people didn’t choose where they wanted to be born just like nobody in a democratic state had an opinion as to where they would like to be born. It is sad that most all of the money spent in North Korea is aimed toward building up a better military and not helping out with the economy or the food shortages. The only way these people know how to live is to be ruled by a dictator. Until the United States or some other world power takes down North Korea, the authoritarianism regime will continue to govern.

Principles of Liability in Negligence in Business Activities

Principles of Liability in Negligence in Business Activities Aspects of Contract and Negligence for Business Ingrida Miseviciute Table of Contents Task 1 (AC3.1)1 Task 2 (AC3.2)2 Task 3 (AC3.3)3 Task 4 (AC4.1)4 Task 5 (AC4.2)5 References6 LO 3 Understand principles of liability in negligence in business activities Task 1 (AC 3.1) Liability in Tort Contractual liability Definition: A tort is a legal term describing a violation where one person causes damage, injury, or harm to another person. The violation may result from intentional actions, a breach of duty as in negligence, or due to a violation of statutes. Explanation: The party that commits the tort is called the tortfeasor. A tortfeasor incurs tort liability, meaning that they will have to reimburse the victim for the harm that they caused them. In other words, the tortfeasor who is found to be â€Å"liable† or responsible for a person’s injuries will likely be required to pay damages. Damages: Under most tort laws, the injury suffered by the plaintiff does not have to actually be physical. A tortfeasor may be required to pay damages for other types of harm, including emotional distress or a violation of personal rights. Types: Joint Liability Vicarious Liability Liability to/for Third Parties Plaintiff/victim Liability Strict Liability Parent Liability. Definition: Contractual liabilityis defined as liability that does not arise by way of negligence, but by assumption under contract or agreement. Explanation: A contract is a legal binding agreement between two or more persons. When you sign, or agree to the terms of a contract, then you have accepted the contractual liabilities set forth in the document. Damages: Liabilities are things that you can be held accountable for, and may have to repay or replace, in the event that they occur. For example, a renter’sagreement may state that, If upon moving out of the premises stated in the contract, any part of the premises is destroyed, you may be accountable for and have to pay to repair, or replace the damage. Types: Contractual liability can take many forms, but is basically holds you accountable for damages that are stated in the contract. For example, Commercial contracts, domestic contracts and so forth. Task 2 (AC3.2) Negligence is a failure to use reasonable care that results in harm to another party. There are four important elements to a negligence lawsuit that must be proven: The defendant owed a duty, either to the plaintiff or to the general public The defendant violated that duty The defendants violation of the duty resulted in harm to the plaintiff The plaintiffs injury was foreseeable by a reasonable person. Donohughe V Stevenson (1932) This famous case established the civil law tort of negligence and obliged manufacturers to have a duty of care towards their customers. The events of the complaint took place in Scotland in 1928, when Ms May Donoghue was given a bottle of ginger beer, purchased by a friend. The bottle was later discovered to contain a decomposing snail. Since the bottle was not of clear glass, Donoghue was not aware of the snail until she had consumed most of its contents. She later fell ill and was diagnosed with gastroenteritis by a doctor. Donoghue subsequently took legal action against the manufacturer of the ginger beer, Stevenson. She lodged a writ in the Court of Sessions (Scotland’s highest civil court) seeking  £500 damages. Because her friend had purchased the drink, Donoghue could not sue on the basis that a contract had been breached; her lawyers instead had to claim that Stevenson had a duty of care to his consumers and that he had caused injury through negligence – an area of civil law that was largely untested at that time. Stevenson’s lawyers challenged the action on the basis that no precedents existed for such a claim. However Donoghue was later granted leave to appeal to the House of Lords, which then had the judicial authority to hear appellate cases. The leading judgement, delivered by Lord Atkin in 1932, established that Stevenson should be responsible for the well-being of individuals who consume his products, given that they could not be inspected. The case was returned to the original court; Stevenson died before the case was finalised and Donoghue was awarded a reduced amount of damages from his estate. This case established several legal principles: Firstly, that negligence is a distinct tort. A plaintiff can take civil action against a respondent, if the respondent’s negligence causes the plaintiff injury or loss of property. Previously the plaintiff had to demonstrate some contractual arrangement for negligence to be proven, such as the sale of an item or an agreement to provide a service. Since Donoghue had not purchased the drink, she could prove no contractual arrangement with Stevenson – yet Atkin’s judgement established that Stevenson was still responsible for the integrity of his product. Secondly, manufacturers have a duty of care to consumers. According to Lord Atkin’s ratio decendi, â€Å"a manufacturer of products, which he sells †¦ to reach the ultimate consumer in the form in which they left him †¦ owes a duty to the consumer to take reasonable care†. This precedent has evolved and expanded to form the basis of laws that protect consumers from contaminated or faulty goods. Thirdly, Lord Atkin’s controversial ‘neighbour principle’. Here Atkin raised the question of which people may be directly affected by our actions, our conduct or things we manufacture. â€Å"You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour. Who, then, in law, is my neighbour? The answer seems to be: persons who are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought to have them in [mind] when I am I am [considering these] acts or omissions.† Task 3 (AC3.3) Vicarious liability is a situation in which one party is held partly responsible for the unlawful actions of a third party. The third party also carries his or her own share of the liability. Vicarious liability can arise in situations where one party is supposed to be responsible for (and have control over) a third party, and is negligent in carrying out that responsibility and exercising that control. If an employee injures someone in the course of their employment, the employer may be subject to vicarious liability. This simply means that the injured person may be able to win compensation for the harm from the employer, rather than the employee. This is not to say, though, that the employee can always count on getting away scot-free. Even if there is vicarious liability, the injured person does not necessarily give up any right he may have to pursue the employee individually. If, for some reason, the injured person is unable to get full compensation from the employer, then he might seek to recover the balance from the employee. In addition, the employer may well seek reimbursement for any amount paid to the injured person (although in practice this rarely occurs). Generally, employers dispute vicarious liability claims on the following grounds: The person who caused the harm was not an employee, but an independent contractor or other non-employee worker; The employee did not harm the injured person in the course of the employees employment. An illustration of the test is provided by two contrasting cases, [Limpus v London General Omnibus Company] and [Beard v London General Omnibus Company], both involving road collisions. In the former, a driver pulled in front of another rival omnibus, in order to obstruct it. Despite express prohibitions from the employer, they were found liable; this was merely an unauthorised mode of the employee carrying out his duties (driving), not an entirely new activity. By contrast, in the latter case, London General Omnibus Company were not liable where a conductor (employed to collect fares on board the bus) negligently chose to drive the vehicle instead; this was completely outside of his duties. LO 4 Be able to apply principles of liability in negligence in business situations Task 4.1(AC4.1) A tort, in common law jurisdictions, is a civil wrong which unfairly causes someone else to suffer loss or harm resulting in legal liability for the person who commits the act. Although crimes may be torts, the cause of legal action is not necessarily a crime, as the harm may be due to negligence which does not amount to criminal negligence. The victim of the harm can recover their loss as damages in a lawsuit. In order to prevail, the plaintiff in the lawsuit must show that the actions or lack of action was the legally recognizable cause of the harm. The equivalent of tort in civil law jurisdictions is delict. Tort law is different from criminal law in that: (1) torts may result from negligent but not intentional or criminal actions and (2) tort lawsuits have a lower burden of proof such as preponderance of evidence rather than beyond a reasonable doubt. Sometimes a plaintiff may prevail in a tort case even if the person who caused the harm was acquitted in an earlier criminal trial. For example, O.J. Simpson was acquitted in criminal court and later found liable for the tort of wrongful death. Torts may be categorized in several ways, with a particularly common division between negligent and intentional torts. The standard action in tort is negligence. Negligence is a tort which arises from the breach of the duty of care owed by one person to another from the perspective of a reasonable person. The majority determined that the definition of negligence can be divided into four component parts that the plaintiff must prove to establish negligence. The elements in determining the liability for negligence are: The plaintiff was owed a duty of care through a special relationship (e.g. doctor-patient) or some other principle. There was a dereliction or breach of that duty. The tortfeasor directly caused the injury [but for the defendants actions, the plaintiff would not have suffered an injury]. The plaintiff suffered damage as a result of that breach. The damage was not too remote; there was proximate cause to show the breach caused the damage. Elements of Negligence Proximate cause Proximate cause means that you must be able to show that the harm was caused by the tort you are suing for. The defence may argue that there was a prior cause or a superseding intervening cause. A common situation where a prior cause becomes an issue is the personal injury car accident, where the person re-injures an old injury. Duty of care It arises when one party creates a scenario that has the potential to harm the other party. Duty focuses on relationship between the two parties: The test whether the defendant owes a duty of care to plaintiff includes: Would a reasonable person have foreseen that the actions would have caused harm to the plaintiff? Reasonable person represents an objective standard. Breach of duty Breach of duty occurs when a â€Å"reasonable person† is not exercising the degree of care that would have expected from him/her in that situation. Reasonable person is an average person. It does not require perfection, but takes into account that an average person does not foresee every risk. The average person is not assumed to be flawless, but ordinarily careful and prudent. Actual Harm Actual harm could be in the form of physical or emotional injuries, property damages or financial loss. The main remedy against tortious loss is compensation in damages or money. According to the scenario, Chris was in an internet cafe. He got up to purchase a coffee and was slipped on some water that was on the floor and broke his arm. This depends upon the intention of Chris. If Chris slipped intentionally and did foresee this accident, then the cafe’ will not be responsible for the damages caused. If this is not the case, then the elements of negligence need to be applied to see if Chris can claim the damages. Negligence is important aspect to look at, means that the defendant (the cafe’) failed to act in a reasonable manner under the circumstances. For example, it is reasonable to expect that the cafe’ placed a warning signs in recently mopped areas or wet surface. If this is not done, then it means that the cafe’ did not fulfil the duty of care. Chris can claim damages as a result of it as he slipped and broke his arm. There are various implications on the scenario in terms of duty of care, negligence (intentional or otherwise) and it is up to the court to decide the outcome. Task 5 (AC4.2) Two clear elements must be established in order to establish a vicarious liability: Was the tortfeasor the defendant’s employee; and Was the tortfeasor acting in the course of his or her employment at the time the tort was committed. The existence of a relationship of employer and employee Many tests have been suggested for distinguishing between a contract of service and a contract for services. These include: Control test Ready Mix Concrete Ltd v Minister of Pensions and National Insurance (1968) Integration test – Stevenson Jordan Harrison Ltd v MacDonald Evans (1952) Organisation Test – Albrighton v Royal Prince Alfred Hopital (1980) â€Å"The ultimate question will always be whether a person is acting as the servant of another or on his own behalf and the answer to that question may be indicated in ways which are not always the same and which do not always have the same significance†. Conclusion as to whether defendant is an employer or contractor. If the defendant is an independent contractor the employer can’t be vicariously liable for the acts of that contractor. The employer will only be liable (as a primary liability) if the employer’s tortious duty is, in law, non-delegable: Kondis v STA; Burnie Port Authority v General Jones Pty Ltd. Was the employee acting within the course of employment? General rule is that whilst acting in the course of employment the employer is not vicariously liable for independent wrongful acts of employees (Bugge Brown). In determining the scope of the employment relationship the actions of the employee must be reasonably incidental to employment i.e. the employer is not vicariously liable if the employee is on a frolic of their own (Joel v Morison). (Situations to consider the necessary authorities) Wrongful mode of completing authorised act – employer vicariously liable (Bugge Brown) Express prohibition by employer not necessarily a defence if the employee’s act was still a mode of doing what he employee was employed to do – employer vicariously liable (Century Insurance Company v Northern Island Road Transport). Acting outside scope of employment relationship – employer not vicariously liable (Koorang Investments v Richardson). Driving cases For example, there are a number of truck driving cases where the court has had to decide whether the driver was acting within the course of his employment when driving the vehicle outside a designated route. Essentially, the pattern seems to be that if the drivers job is to get from Point A to Point B, and his detour from the designated route was simply another way of getting to Point B, then he is acting within the course of his employment. On the other hand, if the driver takes a detour for some other, non-business purpose (such as picking up a girlfriend and taking her shopping) then he would likely be regarded as acting outside the course of his employment. According to the scenario, Trevor is a driver who drives a lorry for a Haulage firm. He delivers deliveries for the company which suggests that he is an employee of the firm. Whilst at work, he detours the lorry and meets his girl friend. This is a non business purpose which means he is acting outside the scope of his duties. As he leaves his girlfriend’s house to continue deliveries, he negligently crashes into a car park. As stated above, two conditions must be met in order to establish a vicarious liability: was the tortfeasor the defendant’s employee; and Was the tortfeasor acting in the course of his or her employment at the time the tort was committed. In this case, the tortfeasor was Chris and the defendant is the Haulage firm. Chris was an employee and also he was acting in the course of his employment to meet his girlfriend and later on crashes his lorry. The vicarious liability is established and hence Chris is liable and not the haulage firm. References Tort Liability (2014). Available: http://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/tort-law-liability.html. [Last accessed 10 March, 2014] Donoghue V Stevenson (1932). Available: http://lawgovpol.com/case-study-donoghue-v-stevenson-1932/. [Last accessed 12 March, 2014]. Negligence (2014). Available: http://www.lawyersandsettlements.com/lawsuit/negligence.html?opt=cutm_expid=36075225.Uj6X3hD9S1KR79nt0Iy0tA.1utm_referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.uk%2F#.UySBAj9_sSM. [Last accessed 12 March, 2014] Accidents and injuries (2014). Available: http://www.findlaw.co.uk/law/accidents_and_injuries/accident_claims/500045.html. [Last accessed 13 March, 2014] Vicarious Liability (2014). Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicarious_liability_in_English_law. [Last accessed 13 March, 2014] Breach of duty (2014). Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breach_of_duty_in_English_law. [Last accessed 14 March, 2014] Tort (2014). Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort. [Last accessed 14 March, 2014] Eustace, D, (2007) Negligent Misstatement – Dillon Eustace. Keenan, D., and Smith, K., (2006) Law for Business (13th Edition) Pearson Education Limited. McKendrick, E. Contract Law (2000). fourth edition. McMillan. Basington. Poole, J. Casebook on Contract Law (2001). 5th edition. London. Vickneswaren, K., (1997) Obligations: Contract Law (1st Edition) Old Bailey Press: London.

Paradigm Transitions in Education

Paradigm Transitions in Education Introduction professional context For this piece I will look to investigate the transition to paperless education to coincide with the opening of a new sixth form centre. Alongside the research question I will look into the relevant epistemological, ontological and methodological paradigms and how they influence my professional practice. During this piece I hope the reflexly look into my personal experience, my Habitus (Bourdieu, 1993) and how this has affected the decisions made in the pursuit of this goal to become paperless. I have worked with education for the last 11 years having the predominant section of ,my career being in the secondary education sector. I was recently appointed to the position of Head of Deeside Sixth form centre, which is a brand new  £15 million build the enhance the provision of A levels for North Wales and beyond. The building is a XXX square feet and is part of Coleg Cambria, which is one of the largest Colleges in Wales with some 20,000 students. The new role has not only changed my lens in terms of sector, with a move from secondary to further, but also significantly changed my role within the organistion, by moving from a position of middle management to senior management. This has challenged my epistemology of A level provision, specifically within the field of preparing students for positive progression to employment or university. With the building of this new Sixth form centre, I made the claim that we would have cutting edge IT facilities (Deeside Sixth Website), and this gave me the perfect opportunity to make large investment in ILT (information for learning technologies). The centre had a large budget of IT facilities with some 800 log-ins around the building. Because of the large investment I was able to look at ways of developing pedagogy to best suit 21st century education. This large investment coupled with the overarching drive to become more sustainable as a college, made me look into the options of reducing paper use. In order to allow this reduction in paper use and to prepare current A level students for future employment and education, as a new Sixth form centre I have decided to make a transition from a paper based curriculum to an electronic curriculum, which makes use of Goolge as a learning platform including google classroom as a VLE, thus allowing online work submission, marking and feedback. This should best prepare students for university, where their studies will be largely dependant on this format and an employment world, which is under rapid change and has a growing reliance on technology. As head of a brand new sixth form centre this decision has fell solely with me and during the planning phase there has been no staff engagement or student voice, due to not having a staff team or student body during the planning phase. To allow retrospective planning and ensure smooth future transition this piece will look at staff and student opinion of the transition to paperless and outline stage for further progress to the Holy Grail of paperless education. Paradigms Having come from a natural science background the idea of paradigms is a novel idea, which has made me challenge my own thoughts and feelings about epistemology and how the phenomenology as opposed the the cartesian philosophy may be more applicable to the social world of a school or college. To start with a definition of a paradigm, Oxford Dictionary defines it as a world view underlying the theories and methodology of a particular scientific subject. A more grounded description would be simply a belief system that moulds the way we think and act about all aspects of life. Upon commencement of this unit I was faced with the philosophical viewpoint that There is no such thing as absolute truth and absolute falsehood. (Rowland, H, 1899), which brought about some dissonance in my understanding of the world. Previously, the idea of my research falling into a certain ontological perspective other than positivist seemed absurd, however upon making my way through some of the numerous philosophical opinions and approaches within the area of educational research, my lens has widened and allowed me to embrace some of these theories and their application in the social setting. The term paradigm, which can largely be derived from the work of Kuhn (and his  book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions published in 1962) and can broadly be described as the ways in research be investigated and interpreted. Further work by Patton (1978) in Sparkes (Ed.) (1992, p.11) takes the idea of a paradigm a step further and refers to it as a world view. This world view has shifted throughout the progression of this unit to acknowledge the strengths and applications of the interpretivist paradigm. This paradigm shift, would show strength for the work of Kuhn, Kuhn argues that changes in paradigm is brought about by a series of peaceful interludes punctuated by intellectually violent revolutions, and in those revolutions one conceptual world view is replaced by another. (Kuhn, T 1962). I dont feel I am in a position to fully move away from the positivist paradigm, but I feel my Lens has significantly altered. As previously mentioned, my natural science background has largely ingrained the positivist paradigm with my outlook and this has embedded in my professional practice. Positivism is an epistemological standpoint that looks for experimental testing , where controlling bias and the importance of subjectivity is vital. Ledoux (2002, p. 34) defines natural sciences as disciplines that deal only with natural events (i.e. independent and dependent variables in nature) using scientific methods. According to work Bà ¼chel (1992), the birth of natural science was initated by those who questioned earlier explanations about the world and wanted systematic / scientific methods for research.

Essay on the Outdated Themes of Taming of the Shrew :: Taming Shrew Essays

The Outdated Themes of Taming of the Shrew The play, Taming of the Shrew is one of Shakespeare’s comedies. It portrays the humorous events regarding the suiting of Kate, a shrew dwelling in the city of Padua. It portrays many ideas about love and marriage that do not quite fit with our current views and what we know about relationships. It can be argued that the comedy of the play makes it universal, but it contains some themes that will not be received in the same light as they were during Shakespeare’s time. The comedy is still mostly universal. The visual comedy in the play, like Kate falling off of her horse into the mud, is still universally appealing. The comedy of actions is also equally universal. For example, Petruchio’s actions would be just as humorous now as they were in Shakespeare’s day. But, the situations that erupt from his actions are sometimes questionable in whether they are humorous or if they border into off-color disrespect for Kate, or females in general. The majority of the play is universal, but I feel the major themes the play puts forth are a little outdated and lacking of respect. The major theme is portrayed by the attitude towards marriage shown in Petruchio and Kate’s relationship. First the relationship was started entirely against the wife’s will, and for the fiscal benefit of the husband, with no intent of love involved. This is especially shown when Kate walks onto the roof of her father's house. The first thing that Petruchio does is states his worries about loosing not Kate, but his "20 thousand crowns," that he was promised if he wed Kate. Petruchio used his wife only as a stepping block, and later after "taming" her, used her as a status symbol. His method of "taming" her was suppressive, and locked her into a position she did not willingly want to be in. After she was tamed, she stopped speaking of her feelings and misgivings honestly, and suppressed them. In a relationship, the second most important thing is to be able to openly share and reveal your feelings, which is not what the play of this play shows. In the play, Kate is forced to suppress her feelings just to get food, or to be able to visit her friends and family. Petruchio "tames" Kate by rewarding her for being obedient, and punishing her when she disagrees with him. Essay on the Outdated Themes of Taming of the Shrew :: Taming Shrew Essays The Outdated Themes of Taming of the Shrew The play, Taming of the Shrew is one of Shakespeare’s comedies. It portrays the humorous events regarding the suiting of Kate, a shrew dwelling in the city of Padua. It portrays many ideas about love and marriage that do not quite fit with our current views and what we know about relationships. It can be argued that the comedy of the play makes it universal, but it contains some themes that will not be received in the same light as they were during Shakespeare’s time. The comedy is still mostly universal. The visual comedy in the play, like Kate falling off of her horse into the mud, is still universally appealing. The comedy of actions is also equally universal. For example, Petruchio’s actions would be just as humorous now as they were in Shakespeare’s day. But, the situations that erupt from his actions are sometimes questionable in whether they are humorous or if they border into off-color disrespect for Kate, or females in general. The majority of the play is universal, but I feel the major themes the play puts forth are a little outdated and lacking of respect. The major theme is portrayed by the attitude towards marriage shown in Petruchio and Kate’s relationship. First the relationship was started entirely against the wife’s will, and for the fiscal benefit of the husband, with no intent of love involved. This is especially shown when Kate walks onto the roof of her father's house. The first thing that Petruchio does is states his worries about loosing not Kate, but his "20 thousand crowns," that he was promised if he wed Kate. Petruchio used his wife only as a stepping block, and later after "taming" her, used her as a status symbol. His method of "taming" her was suppressive, and locked her into a position she did not willingly want to be in. After she was tamed, she stopped speaking of her feelings and misgivings honestly, and suppressed them. In a relationship, the second most important thing is to be able to openly share and reveal your feelings, which is not what the play of this play shows. In the play, Kate is forced to suppress her feelings just to get food, or to be able to visit her friends and family. Petruchio "tames" Kate by rewarding her for being obedient, and punishing her when she disagrees with him.

My Cousin’s Funeral :: Personal Narrative Writing

My Cousin’s Funeral I dreamt once that I was in love with my cousin Rob Campbell. In the dream, he was rosy and cherubic. When we kissed, he was soft. In the morning, my lips remembered Rob’s kisses. I felt the sensation dancing quietly just above my skin, woven and brushed, like a cashmere sweater. I talked to my dad over instant messenger and told him that I had a dream that Rob was my lover. I didn’t want to tell him this, embarrassed, but something seemed to propel me forward. He typed his response, slowly. I waited. â€Å"That’s O.K,† the screen read. â€Å"I dreamed a lot about my brother when he died too.† My grandfather Hank died one day in my living room. He fell out of bed and called to my mom, singing on the night air, â€Å"Peggy, Peggy...† No one heard him until it was the cusp of dark and light. There was a moment when he died. He was a fountain of coagulation and mucus. He was very pale and his skin looked like a molded piece of white rubber. I was 16 but I felt like an infant in that moment when my grandfather took his last breath. At Rob’s visiting hours, there is a reception line. His mother and father and sister and brother stand up next to the casket. My dad and mom—his uncle and aunt—are up there too, along with my paternal grandparents and my dad’s brother Mark. I sit in the back with my brother and his wife and my boyfriend. I watch as the room fills with people. The line toward the casket is jumbled and when people first enter the room, they don’t see Rob. They see Debbie and Paul and Becky and Aaron first. Then, as the line straightens out, they see Rob, white and chalky. I watch as mouths open, lips quiver, eyes close, Rob’s apples jump, breaths halt. I feel bad watching their pain so I watch their hands instead. Hand to hand. Grasping hands of my dad and my grandfather. Strangers. Sweaty hands, clammy hands, nervous hands, sad hands. At one point, my grandmother leaves the receiving line. She is wearing the purple flowered dress from J.C. Penney that she wore to my high school graduation. â€Å"Susan, I’m glad James and I got the flu shot,† she whispers to me on her way to the bathroom.

To what extent can Lord of the Flies be considered a Marxist piece?

Lord of the Flies centres on a group of boys stranded on a tropical island when their plane crashes en route from England to Australia as part of an evacuation during an atomic war (hypothetical war.) The story is essentially an allegorical tale of the innate evil of man – good versus evil. Of the book, Golding said that he wrote it to illustrate how political systems cannot govern society effectively unless they take into consideration the inherent defects of human nature. Marxism is seen as the development from an oppressive capitalist society to an equal and classless society. Golding tries to set a utopian world within the island devoid of adult, societal constraints but in the end the innate animal characteristics of man come to the fore. Golding based his story on the 19th century novel ‘The Coral Island' written by R M Ballantyne. Whereas Ballantyne's novel, an adventure story of three boys stranded on a desert island, was optimistic, Golding's is terrifyingly pessimistic. The novel was written shortly after World War II , in the early days of the Cold War when paranoia about communism was at its height. In the early 1950s many people were accused, often falsely, of being communists (the McCarthy era in the USA at this time is a good example of this.) It is within this context that Golding wrote Lord of the Flies. The battles between Ralph and Jack, the struggles between the Conch group and the Savages and above all the fight of good versus evil, originate in a degree of paranoia typical of the era in which the novel was written. Lord of the Flies' reflects elements of Golding's own life – his experiences during the war made him second guess the traditionally held belief that while society might be evil, man was inherently good. Golding had witnessed the evil in man, not just in the enemy but in his own allies (he was on the ship that sank the German ship Bismarck.) Golding said in his essay ‘Fable' – originally given as part of a lecture series in 1962 – â€Å"My book was to say: you think that now the war is over and an evil thing destroyed, you are safe because you are naturally kind and decent. But I know why the thing rose in Germany. I know it could happen in any country. It could happen here.† The breakdown of order and discipline is prominent throughout the novel. This idea was drawn from Golding's experiences as a school master (his father was also a school teacher.) Golding taught in an English public school so much of his insight was drawn largely from this. Golding felt that at the time, the education system lacked a balance between discipline and creative freedom. By placing the boys on an island without adults, free from the constraints of society, he allows the boys freedom to indulge their desires and impulses. But by setting the story in a tropical paradise, Golding allowed the boys' downfall to come not through a basic struggle for survival but instead from within themselves and commented â€Å"If disaster came, it was not to come through the exploitation of one class by another. It was to rise, simply and solely, out of the nature of the brute . . . . . the only enemy of man is inside him.† (Fable, 1962.) Golding uses the varied characters in the novel to symbolise the varying degrees of savagery exhibited by man and their rift with organised civilisation. For example, Piggy demands that the boys stay within the parameters of organised society – his frequent references to his ‘auntie' represent the only adult voice throughout much of the novel. Jack, on the other hand, is more interested in satisfying his own desires and is of the belief ‘if it's fun, do it.' Ralph, however, is caught somewhere between the extremes exhibited by Piggy and Jack. It is in the clashes between Ralph and Jack that the conflict between a civilised society and a savage one are dramatised and it is in their differing attitudes towards authority that these differences in ideology are portrayed. Ralph is eager to establish order – using the conch to assemble the boys – and although as Golding says â€Å"what intelligence had been shown was traceable to Piggy while the most obvious leader was Jack† it is Ralph who is chosen as the ‘chief.' There is something about Ralph that has set him apart from the others, an innate quality; but it is his hold on the conch that seems to determine his election as leader of the group. The conch symbolises the old, established adult order the boys had been used to – it represents the rules and regulations or law and order of civilised society. Ralph is representative of government and authority and uses his own authority as chief to try and establish rules (for example, you can only speak if you are holding the conch) which are for the good of the group as a whole – he strives to enforce the moral rules of the society they are stranded from. Jack is the antithesis of this – seeking to gain control of the boys to satisfy his basic instincts (Ralph in fact recognising Jack's disappointment at not being chosen as leader is consolatory in announcing that Jack is in charge of the choir or ‘hunters' as they quickly become.) Jack's shift or decline towards savagery is marked throughout the novel. In the early chapters, his eagerness for killing pigs is really a show of bravery but is intertwined with the need to obtain food for the group. In this sense, Jack conforms to society's rules. It is only later in the novel when Jack no longer recognises Ralph's authority and forms his own splinter group with the hunters that Golding shows the reader Jack's true and more dangerous character. In this way, Golding is able to highlight the fact that to a degree certain savage aspects are an inherent part of man's nature (there is an overriding will to survive in humans) nevertheless in most instances this is suppressed to acc eptable levels by the mores of society. Golding himself does not see the novel as a Marxist piece, but as an illustration of â€Å"the darkness of man's heart†. Whilst the novel wasn't about class differences, Golding cleverly uses the language of the boys to highlight the fact there are indeed differences. For example at the beginning of Chapter 1 when Ralph meets Piggy and he asks â€Å". . . What's your father?† When responding Piggy asks â€Å"When'll your dad rescue us?† Alternate explanations from critics seem to come to the conclusion that the events of the novel were a result of circumstance and not of the evil within man. But Golding dismisses the idea that the actions of the boys were not inevitable. He suggests that the violence occurs â€Å"simply and solely out of the nature of the brute.† Modern critics will argue that the meaning of the text is individual to each reader. â€Å"I no longer believe that the author has a sort of patria potestas over his brainchildren. Once they are printed they have reached their majority and the author has no more authority over them, knows no more about them, perhaps knows less about them than the critic who comes fresh to them, and sees them not as the author hoped they would be, but as what they are† (Golding, Fable) Golding is suggesting that the meaning of a text is not always governed by the author, so although he clearly did not intend for â€Å"Lord of the Flies† to be a Marxist piece, it could be argued that it has become one. It could be argued that given Golding's life experiences and his father's influence, this was inevitable. Roger's sadistic manner was only stopped by the taboos and laws of society, but without these constraints he is unable to unleash the â€Å"id† that is caged by society, but is a demonic feature of the human psyche. In the chapter ‘Painted Faces and Long Hair' Roger is seen along with Maurice to destroy the ‘Littluns' castle. Then Roger throws stones at Henry, although deliberately misses – in this sense his action is controlled by the presence of the rules of society. Later in ‘Castle Rock' Roger, feeling that all aspects of civilised society have disappeared is now free of the constraints imposed by society and so unleashes his true savagery by throwing a stone at Piggy – this time deliberately aimed to harm. It can be argued that Golding uses Roger, who becomes the epitome of savage when he murders Piggy, to embody the central theme of the novel. The conflict between desire and moral obligation is a central theme of the novel. Golding uses the different personalities of the boys to indicate the varied degrees of savagery that humans demonstrate. Piggy juxtaposes Roger as he exhibits no animalistic qualities and adheres to society's rules. Golding expresses that this vehemence is a more natural aspect of human behaviour and that civilization forces compassion onto us rather than it being a natural human instinct. Even the naval officer recognises that the boys have become out of control – his comment to Ralph that they might have been able to â€Å"put up a better show than that . . . â€Å"illustrates this; Ralph recognises that in the beginning they were a cohesive group, a society. The signal fire's purpose is to hopefully attract the attention of a passing ship so that the boys may be saved. Metaphorically, indicates how savage the boys have become and how far they have moved away from socially acceptable behaviour. The boys start the fire using Piggy's glasses in an attempt to be rescued .This suggests that they still long for the order of civilisation. As the fire diminishes, we notice decay in the moral obligations the boys feel and they become more savage. The signal fire allows the reader to gauge how much of society is left on the island. Golding uses dramatic irony at the end of the novel when the officer arrives on the island. Ironically the fire is the antithesis of society at this point in the novel; it has now become a metaphor for the ferocity that man is capable of. The boys ask for some sign of the beast – the sign sent by the grown-ups is the dead parachutist; the beast is a dead pilot – Golding uses this to signify the chaos of an adult world at war. In chapter 5, Simon says â€Å"What I mean is†¦ maybe it's only us†. Simon suggests that â€Å"the beastie† is just a creation of the boys. It is the fear of the unknown that brings the beast to life. Simon's idea is one that links with Golding's views of humanity's savagery. Simon is the only boy on the island who does not abandon his morals, but he is savagely killed when he tries to help the rest of the boys. Simon's morality is overwhelmed by the other boy's amorality, so while Golding does not claim that mankind doesn't exhibit kindness, he does make the point that it is powerless when the rest of the world is evil. The island is a microcosm of society, and the boys represent different political ideologies. Ralph represents democracy, whilst Jack, with his symbolic red hair, represents communism. The boy's influence on the island itself can also be seen as a metaphor for human corruption of the planet. The forest scar created by the crashing plane symbolises the encroachment of corrupt civilisation onto the island. NOTES â€Å"What makes things break up like they do?† is the poignant question Piggy asks Ralph. Golding himself blames the breakdown of the island's democracy on the innate greed and ferocity that is an occupational hazard of being human. In a lecture at the University of California in 1962 he said â€Å"So the boys try to construct a civilization on the island; but it breaks down in blood and terror because the boys are suffering from the terrible disease of being human†. The fire is diatronically opposed to hunting which is the activity of anarchy. Ralph portrays democracy and the role of government in any modern society. He strives to satisfy the demands of the public at large but recognises that certain rules of behaviour must be followed in order to prevent anarchy. Anarchy eventually defeats order – Golding believed that government is ineffective in keeping people together. No matter how logical or reasonable government is, it will in the end give way to anarchical demands of the public.

Global Strategy of Lg Electonics

Chapter 1 AN penetration AND COMPANY BACKGROUND LOOK AT LG ELECTRONICS LTD Consumer electronics argon irresistible, t here(predicate) is nonhing sort of fascinating than to see whatever(prenominal) unmatched(a) drop an electronic gadget for the scratch clock. in that stance is absolutely no question that consumer applied science sparks imagination akin nonhing else. The Consumer-Electronics effort is the instauration of entertainment, communication and get rid ofice harvests. Currently, the orbicular consumer electronics manu concomitanture is dominated by the sec Korean, Japanese and Ameri commode companies.One of these S turn outh Korean companies is LG Electronics Inc. Origin in tout ensembley being grant in 1958, LG free radical is the merger of two Korean companies, Lucky and GoldStar, hence the acronym LG. Its current slogan, behaviors Good is the bacronym. LG Electronics is the flagship of LG Group, atomic make out 53 of the 10deritys too tumes centst electronics conglom durationte. The social club is the macrocosms morsel oversizest manufacturer of video recording sets and tertiary gravidst producer of supple phones. Being its outperform spotlight in Seoul, confederation Korea, LG currently employees 95,000 pack universal with 75 subordinate word companies orbicu novelr(a)ly.The of import atomic account 18a for proceeds di imaging lies in officious communication, digital appliances, digital disclose and digital media. In terms of dissemination net deceases and worldwide gross gross gross revenue, LG stands lavishlyest in the consumer electronics pains. Being a intelligent control oer the washrag goods merchandise, LG has the proudest securities pains parcel of land in the station appliances. The conjunctions desire to farm a happier, better life has unendingly surrounded its recital. It has unveiled numerous wise returns, applied novel technology in the form of mobile d evices and digital tele passel in the 21st century and slide bys to re net get ahead its status as a globular fellowship.A BRIEF LIGHT INTO CONSUMER ELECTRONIC assiduity From the archean 1900s till late 1980s and 90s, consumer electronics, computers, and telecommunications turn out substantial as sepa order industries. Then came the era of digitalization and it changed the districts of the securities industriousness by bash d induce the wall(a)s mingled with and making these industries one as the Consumer electronics concern. Now the consumer electronics merchandise is an industry of $2 cardinal. We can segment the consumer electronic industry into entertainment, productiveness and communication.The maketh opportunities for this industry include mobile devices, personal era, internets and calculating smart habitations. There exist many investing opportunities in this industry. The convergence of the troika separate industries into one is brewing up the perfect storm. And as it was quoted, where theres chaos, theres opportunity. On November 4, 1959, the Kookje bring out-and-easy in the raws, one of the near influential spick-and-spanspapers in Korea, published the story of the rootage Korean- do radio receiver receiver genuine and manufactured by LG Electronics (the association was then k nowadaysn as Goldstar).By introducing all the different kinds of appliances produced by LG, the forward-lookingspaper communicate that In the near future, we result be victimisation these devices in our unremarkable lives. In June 1959, LG Electronics embarked on an ambitious project the scratch line-ever Korean-make radio. Th caller-ups lack of acknowledge made many industry observers to interrogative sen disco biscuitce the unions victory, excursus fro the fact that the task itself was a historical contend. The topical anaesthetic anesthetic anaesthetic inter region of component parts was excessively problematic. Nevertheless , LG Electronics succeeded in producing component parts in local anesthetic theatrical roles, much(prenominal) a switches, sashes, and transformers.Finally, the prototypic-year internal radio (Model Name A-501) in Korea came of the assembly line in November, besides atomic number 23 months aft(prenominal)wards the project chokeed. A-501 mark a new era in the line of products sexual congressship of Korean electronics industry, as more(prenominal) than 60% of the product was made with topically produced parts. The collapsement of the set-backborn domestically produced radio clearly shows the entrepreneurship of LG Electronics. The ships society stead straightawayly upheld its pioneering drift and willingness to restrain on challenges to everywherecome the hardships it cased.In doing so, LG has succeeded in laying d experience the foundations for the Korean domestic electronics industry. LG Electronics today embodies the aforesaid(prenominal) old pioneering v ision, which serves as the engine that propels the connection toward the future. In 1958, unspeak competent memories of the Korean War still smoldered in the hearts and minds of the Korean passel when LG Electronics began to pull up stakes the Korean electronics industry. Be summateting its reputation as the First Korean Electronics lodge, the nomenclature such(prenominal)(prenominal) as The First and The take up contract always accompanied LG Electronics.The fib of LG Electronics is deeply embedded in the history of Koreas electronics industry, and the lodges achievements atomic number 18 milestones that brought up the level of the nations electronics industry one stage after an opposite. After succeeding in locally producing its archetypal radio, LG Electronics wrote its suffer chapter in the history of Korean electronics industry with the companions bold, pioneering spirit. LG Electronics cooked many of Koreas origin products, such as telephones, iceboxs, TVs, c irculate conditioners, and backwash machines.Today, LG has consolidated its slip as Koreas leading electronics society. In 1962, the radio organiseed by LG Electronics became Koreas foremost electronic product to be tradeed to the USA. The party in any case further ariseed various electronic products using proprietary technologies and tradeed these products to numerous nations in the world, achieving the nations terminus of merchandise Korea. In 1978, these efforts led LG to r for apiece one the purpose of earning vitamin C one cardinal million million dollars in export revenues, the jump federation in Koreas electronics industry to do so.This feat divine confidence in the slogan, We can do it among Koreans who believed that exporting is the only way to develop Koreas economy. We made it On October 8, 1982, LG Electronics reached an in-chief(postnominal) milestone as its manufacturing constitute in Huntsville, Alabama, USA (LGEAI then GSAI) completed the compa nys first Made in USA product. In the early 1980s, LG Electronics began to fatten out its everyplaceseas manufacturing plants. The first overseass manufacturing throne was established in 1982 in Huntsville, a city in northern Alabama, USA.It was currently followed by a string of different overseas manufacturing and gross revenue outposts in atomic number 63, telephone exchange and South the States and nitrogen America. LG Electronics has now blend in a world(prenominal) stool with over 76 overseas subsidiaries and over 50 branch offices. LG Electronics faced its biggest challenge during the dispute mingled with job and focal point in 1989. However, the incident led the company to strengthen the relationship between labor and c be and tobecome the No. 1 ships company in terms of labor and commission relationships.In the late mid-nineties, LG Electronics, with its new digital LG slogan, officially announced its goal of becoming a world-class electronics passel. Si nce then, LG Electronics has introduced many of the worlds groundbreaking products such as IC sets for Digital TV Receivers, 60-inch PDPs, and Internet-cap fit refrigerators. With these achievements, the company was able to dominate the worlds compact disc read-only memory accept merchandise in 1998, aside from establishing a very virile merchandise position for its TFT-LCD for monitors, shadow masks, air conditioners, CDMA WLL devices, theatre theaters, and another(prenominal) ho consumptionhold electronic appliances.As a result, the words describing LG electronics, such as the first and the best ar no yearner merely applicable in Korea, alone ar now recognized to be true approximatelythe world. In January 2004, LG Electronics set the goal to become the world(a) Top 3. This end defines the companys resolve tobecome the worlds top company in field of consumer electronics and mobile communications with the sentience that to get No. 1 position is the only way to survive. To that end, LG Electronics apply a dodge to become the leader in the postgraduately emulous sectors of theater appliances, next-generation digital presents, and mobile communications.LG Electronics get acrosss to blaze the trail in new tune enterprisees and ventures into uncharted territories. The company has been able to lead the Korean electronic industry and grow into a orbicular actor with its own place among the worlds leading breadbaskets. By taking on new challenges and progressing forward with the frontier spirit, the parable of No. 1 of LG Electronics will continue in the world-wide mart where unnumberable potentials be present. THE RECORDS OF BEING THE FIRST 1958 Koreas first electonics breadbasket established 1959 Koreas first radio produced. 1962 Koreas first company to export radios to the USA. 965 Koreas first refrigerators produced. 1966 Koreas first foul white TVs produced. 1967 Koreas first air conditioners came off the assembly line. The first Ko rean corporation to establish an overseas branch office in New York, USA 1969 Koreas first rinse machine produced. 1970 Koreas first electronics corporation to go mankind 1975 Koreas first embodied cardinal seek Center established. 1978 Koreas first electronics corporation to earn 100 million dollars in export 1981 Koreas first home appliance corporation to introduce a node operate pith. 982 First Korean corporation to establish an overseas manufacturing plant in Huntsville, Alabama, USA. 1983 First Korean corporation to establish an Integrated Design Research Center. 1997 Koreas first company to develop 40-inch PDPs using proprietary technology. The worlds first company to develop IC Chipsets for Digital TV reception. 1998 The worlds first company to develop 60-inch PDPs for HDTVs. Koreas first company to develop organic EL for next-generation presentments. The companys compact disc read-only memorys ranked No. 1 in the world 4 age after their introduction to the foodstu ff. 999 Koreas first company to develop the synchronous IMT-2000 System. LGs Whisen telephone circuit Conditioners ranked No. 1 in the globose merchandise. Koreas first company to develop Korean standard Digital TVs 2002 The worlds first company to twist Synchronous IMT-2000 cloak Phones with Integrated Digital Camera The worlds first developer of the 23GB HD VDR The worlds first company to release a DVD Combo for the Home bailiwick 2003 The worlds first company to release born(predicate) Digital TVs The worlds first company to develop Integrated Synchronous and Asynchronous IMT-2000 Phones. publics largest 76-inch PDPs produced 2004 The worlds largest in somatic 55-inch LCD TVs released. Koreas first company to release a 12X External Super Multi-DVD Writers 2005 The worlds first company to release Terrestrial DMB Note gives tutelage statement LG Electronics travel alongs its 21st century vision of becoming a true world-wide digital leader who can possess its nodes worl dwide happy by dint of its groundbreaking digital products and helps. LG Electronics set its mid- and long-term vision anew to rank among the top 3 electronics, information, and telecommunication potents in the world by 2010.As such, we embrace the philosophy of majuscule Company, Great People, whereby only great people can create a great company, and pursue two harvest-home strategies involving fast foundation garment and fast product. Likewise, we seek to secure putting green chord core capabilities product leaders, market leadership, and people-centered leadership LG Electronics mickle. LGEs mission statement explains that its goal is to become a top advance(a) electronics company in the world. It takes pride in its company and mployees and believes that this is what will make it into one of the most innovative companies of the 21st century. Marketing steering Philosophy LGEs operates under the product invention of trade focal point. From 52 Plasma mat Panel te levisions to splendid, sleek mobile phones that as well store and play music, LGE is a company that is devoted to fast innovation and fast harvest-feast (LG Electronics Vision). It has foc partd on evolution new products in winning and fundamental pedigreees, and securing technology leadership. It provides high quality and incessantly updated products to further ensure its success as a top electronics manufacturer. Its research and phylogenesis efforts are specifically concentrated in the area of technological capabilities and developing new growth products (LG Electronics Technology Strategy). As a worldwide corporation, LGE strives to make its guests happy with its innovative digital products and services and in doing so operate under the product concept Chapter 2 LGs Global StrategySince its inception in 1958, LG stretch forths its global transactions by the historical patterns of growth in the form of (1)import substitution, (2)export to ripe nations, (3)productio n in advanced nations, (4)production in developing nations, (5)global production and selling (Lee, 2000 Sue et al. , 2004). In its very first few age LG received loans and technology assistance from Germany and Japan. It produced electronic products that reached the maturity stage, took the type of providing inexpensive import substitute products to Korean domestic market.In this way, LG laid the ground work for the further growth. In 1970s LG was benefited from Korean governments export drive and built the study export centers in Gumi and Changwon area of Korea and established massive scale of export production organisation. By the late 1970s LG engaged in active expansion dodge of the oversea marketparticularly targeting USA and Western European markets. However, in the 1980s the growing protectionist give-up the ghost in USA and Western European countries stifled its export volumes. In chemical reaction to these market hanges LG targeted these advanced markets by create c olor TV pulverisation at Huntsville, USA in 1981, established two(prenominal) other TV and VCR factory at Bromes, Germany in 1986 and vaporize oven factory in Great Britain in 1988. Starting from 1988, with the stipend annexs in Korea, LG secured color TV and refrigerator manufacturing facilities in Thailand and Infatheresia and leap outed localisation policies. From the nerve center of 1990s LG spread out its manufacturing facilities in Eastern Europe and South American regions in keeping up with the growing market opportunities in Eastern European and South American counties.At the like conviction period LG actively positioned itself for global competitive system structure. From 1993 LG implement strategical initiatives for the uphill markets in China, CIS and India. In 1995 LG changed its existing Gold Star check off to LG set and base on sports merchandising, it expand to FPD TV/ Monitor market. As of 2009, LG Electronics fool four argument units that includ e Digital appliance, Digital viewing, digital media, officious communications. Its global operations has the total 114 overseas fight units including many manufacturing units, selling units, research and victimisation centers and logistics and service units.In Europe and China LG maintains regional backing headquarters. However, 70% of manufacturing units are in Asia including China and India. 70% of merchandising units are in North America and Europe. ground on 7 marketing organizations that blot out the whole world LG engages in global strategic guidance. Its major products are TV, VCR, refrigerators, air conditioners, home appliances, display such as CPT/CDT, monitor, LCD/PDP TV, multi-media products such as CD-ROM drive and PC, information communication products such as handsets and IMT-2000.Particularly, after the middle of 2000s LG cursorily moving toward the position of one of the global top collar. indoors three days after announcing its goals to become a produ cer of high premium products with its own fantastic global brands, LG success to the full penetrated North America and European markets. LG is too marketing the acclivitous markets in South America, China and India with high premium product strategy. Thus, LG Electronics dare to encounter in global premium markets because of its risque ocean technologies and differentiated tendency capabilitiesGlobal strategy of LG Electronics as a leading Korean company Economic recovery in advanced countries including Japan is still sluggish, although inembodiedd pecuniary performance has been recovering gradually. And companies whose business activities in emerging countries experiencing an economic blare account for a larger semblance tend to show better financial performance. Leading Korean companies pretend a larger presence in the world market and retract considerable attention. I will focus on LG Electronics, Inc. A leading company ranking with Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. in th e worlds electrical and electronics industries, with the largest market grant in home appliances markets in of the essence(p) emerging countries, such as India, Brazil, and Indonesia, and relatively advanced management methods including corporate governance, which are highly valued, and will question features or definitive points of its global management and staff office strategy . Leading Korean zaibatsuThe LG stem The Korean zaibatsu (chaebol), a anomalous large companies root word, is very influential in Koreas corporate sector.Top 28 companies by market capitalization other than public corporations account for 58 pct in the compound market value (Korea heterogeneous Stock Price Index KOSPI) at the end of 2009 and most of those companies belong to zaibatsu company groups. Striking features of the zaibatsu are as follows 1. some(prenominal) zaibatu started as a family company. 2. Zaibatsu leaders and their relatives and interact companies are major shareholders. 3. Sh are attribute relationships are complicated. 4. Zaibatsu companies are engaged in businesses in diversified business areas. hows changes of companies groups and the LG group has occupied a higher position, although some groups failed or are downgraded due to the Asian currency and financial crisis in 1997 and 1998. as well as its LGs leader is in the triplet generation beforehand of other major zaibatsu and he introduced a retention company system, aiming at clarifying the structure of owning and supreme group companies. Total assets of the LG group with 53 affiliated companies reach 78. 9 zillion won, the fourth largest in Koreas clannish sector and combined market capitalization of the groups leading our companies (LG Corp. , (a place company), LG Electronics, LG Display, and LG Chem. ) accounted for approximately seven pct of the aggregate market value at the end. LG Corp. , a groups core company, controls three large segments, that is, electronics, chemicals, and teleco mmunications and services. Among these, LG Electronics plays a substitution role in the electronics segment. However, the group expects LG chemistry to play a heightened role in its battery business, one of the most principal(prenominal) and promising business areas.Features of LG groups management policies are as flows 1. Relatives including the zaibatsu leader, large shareholders, carried out corporate management in collaboration 2. Its extent of diversification of business lines is relatively limited and electronics and chemicals businesses gestate bighearted in general. 3. The groups management has abided by its management policies of considering mankind beings first and the group was the first zaibatsu to start recruiting employees publicly. Thus it has actively wrestled with the appointment and training of promising lag to be professional tutors. . The group is tell to have fewer relationships with politicians and less assurance on them. As a result, it managed to g row its businesses and concentrate management resources by its own policies and strategies. In Korea, many companies face difficulties in dealing with unions and labor strikes. However, both employers and employees hold on a pay improver for 20 years in a row without any offensive negotiations in LG Electronics. The situation is different from Samsung Electronics which does non have a labor union.The February 26, 2005 issue of the Toyo Keizai describes corporate culture of the leading zaibatsu as Samsungs management, Hyundais guts, and LGs harmony and solidarity. 2 LGE ranked fourth in its industry in Global vitamin D LGE has five segments Home Entertainment (TVs and audio products), Mobile Communications (cellular phones and handsets), Home Appliance (home appliances), radiate Conditioning, and Business Solutions (monitors, commercial displays for hotels, equipment for automobiles, and security solutions).LGE has expanded into approximately 80 countries and the number of empl oyees exceeds 80 thousand. Its consolidated financial results (FY 2009) and position in the industry are as follows ? gross revenue 73. 0 one million million won (a 15. 3 percent growing year over year) ? Operating profit 4. 2 trillion won (a 3. 6 percent increase y-o-y), operating profit margin 5. 8 percent ? crystallize profit 2. 8 trillion won (a 145. 0 percent increase y-o-y) ? Total assets 44. 8 trillion won ( beauteousness capital 17. 2 trillion won) ?LGE was ranked fourth in its industry in 2009 Fortune Global 500 in terms of sales volume, piece of tail first-place Siemens, stand by-place Samsung Electronics, and Hitachi and ahead of Panasonic and Toshiba, which were ranked one-fifth and sixth, observeively. ?LGEs TVs or cellular phones market share and followive position in terms of sales volume in 2009 in the world. LGE had the second largest market share in terms of TV sales (the same 12. 4 percent share as SONY. Samsung Electronics had the largest share of 23. 3 pe rcent. ) and the third largest share in cellular phones sales(10. percent. It was behind Nokia (38. 3 percent) and Samsung (20. 1 percent)). The company is one of the companies with the largest market share with respect to refrigerators, air conditioners, washing machines, microwaves in the world and is the leading home appliance supplier in growth markets including India, Brazil, and Indonesia. Its overseas sales account for 88 percent in its overall sales and is at a higher level in comparison to competing Japanese manufacturers (SONY 74 percent, Panasonic47 percent, and Sharp48 percent).This is generally because Koreas domestic market is not large enough for the company to expand its businesses. Chapter 3 Strategic features of its global management are as follows 1. Selection of growth markets based on long -range plans 2. cause and bold finiss to expand into new markets and assiduousness of management resources 3 3. findings by local offices on culture, locally useed prod ucts, mental synthesis a sales interlocking and internationalisation of headquarters 4.Effective sales promotions with emphasis on its brand name I would identical to examine those points by citing concrete examples and stir upon its expansion into India, a typical success case in an of import market. expansion into India with dynamical carriages Its main markets targeted for growth have been those of emerging countries with large potential for growth and fewer strong rivals. LGE expanded into India with the second largest population in the world and a younger age structure and continuing population bonus period in 1997 (establishment of LG Electronics India, LGEs fully owned subsidiary).Although many of its rival companies including Japanese companies exported their products from home countries to India at that time, LGE started producing products at its factories ahead of the rivals and acquired a competitive advantage. LGE placed a priority on strategic advantages of t aking the lead and heady it without hesitation, de enkindle insufficient infrastructure with respect to operations of the factories, product diffusion, or representatives daily lives.The company has marketed a series of products, fully taking into accounts consumers tastes and regional take or features, including TVs which work in an tipsy potentiality situation, various kinds of colorful and flowery and lockable refrigerators with large crispers for vegetarians and cooler cases for womens cosmetics, TVs with on-screen display options in ten regional languages, washing machines with a sari (a national female apostrophizeume) cycle, and microwave ovens with cooking menus including 77 kinds of Indian dishes.Its products attract customers attention. Also it markets low-end products, age marketing high-end products at the same time in lay out to increase brand images, in relation to its brand strategy. Furthermore, it has made efforts to establish sales and service offices, bui lding a network of offices across India. Expatriates dispatched from Korea ( some 30 people) are mainly involved in the strategic matters or so ,and it has employed many clever local employees who knew markets and consumers since its start of local production.The company has actively made use of such local human resources with respect to sales of products and customer service, or development and design of products. The organization has been operated by local module over a long time and heads of forcefulness and sales and marketing divisions are Indians. The company has introduced an evaluation system on a performance al-Qaeda which is buy the farmless and acceptable by local employees and benefit program including welfare facilities trying to run such employees.On the other hand, there are some points to be noted with respect to representatives dispatched from Korea. First of all, the head of the local subsidiary has held the position since the creation of the subsidiary ove r a long time and made efforts to enable the companys business to take root and expand from a longer point of visual sense. Secondly, many Korean representatives are accompanied by their families and it appears easier for them to consecrate to their work, unlike Japanese representatives, many of whom are employees running(a) away from their families in Japan.Furthermore, when it comes to marketing methods on raising companys sentience or corporate image, LGE places more emphasis on concentration and proponent effects in each market than Samsung Electronics which seems to address the methods worldwide. As a result, it becomes a sponsor for cricket events which is very frequent in India, as sports marketing grow in the region. Additionally, LGE has two factories (It will start another new factory shortly. ) and one R & D center in India.Although the companys total investment lists to approximately 13 one thousand million rupees, it plans to extend 15 billion rupees to expand its production as a production and export base in accordance with its worldwide strategy, not just for sales in India. Sales in its Indian business stood at 130. 9 billion rupees in 2009, accounting for approximately six percent in LGEs total sales. It plans to increase the percentage to 12 percent in 2015, which will exceed the proportion of Korea.Making use of local human resources and inner internationalizationon a HQ basis I would like to pay attention to features of LGEs personnel strategy. First of all, making use of foreign human resources (local human resources and those without Korean nationality). The company tries to cut the number of representatives dispatched from Korea in various overseas offices substantially and employs many local staff members and promotes some of them to a higher position. Furthermore, loose officers and employees without Korean nationality are recruited in its headquarters compulsoryly.Seven out of 13 executive officers, the highest level of o fficers, who are in charge of material business operations including marketing, procurement, supplying 5 chain, HRM and strategy, do not have Korean nationality. This shows that its personnel system has been internationalized to a large extent. It is frequently said that how foreigners can show their abilities is near connected with internationalization of headquarters (internationalization at home) and therefore it is important and demand. It appears that the companys method is advanced on this point.That is, the Company employed many translators in order to take for Korean employees who were not good at preparing English documents, when it made English its common language in the company. This was a measure to help the system to take root. Also the company says that employees average TOEIC hit is said to be over 900 (excluding R & D staff who is required to have technical expertise, rather than language expertise), although high TOEIC scores of new employees of the company a re often talked about. The average score including such R & D staff is between 800 and 850. ) It is said that there is a rule inside the company that there is no need to reply if an e-mail pith in Korean is sent to an overseas office from its headquarters. It is reported that Rakuten and FAST sell will make English the common language and I consider it important for those companies to create a mechanism to pay close attention to or support employees in order to help the system to take root and function efficiently, like LGE does.LGE and other leading companies including Samsung Electronics and Hyundai Motor have taken similar measures, including targeting emerging markets with large growth potential and fewer strong rivals ahead of them and concentrating management resources on its business there, launching products timely, taking into accounts consumers tastes and regional needs or features, valuing a brand image, and making good use of foreign human resources, despite difference s about where to place emphasis on or which method to take.Especially features or strength of Korean companies lies in their can-do attitudes of cultivating a new market ahead of others, despite adverse conditions of insufficient infrastructure. On the other hand, companies expend and maintain their strength, when responding to changes in their business environment properly. It is impossible to continue success by using the same business model and method. On this point, full responses of such Korean companies, which are sandwiched between companies of advanced countries including Japan and those of China, may not function properly and they may face a difficult situation in the future.Actually LGEs operating profit plunged in the second quarter of FY 2010 due to step up competition in the worlds smartphone industry. I consider it necessary to observation post responses of LGE and Samsung Electronics, while Japanese major companies start making more efforts to cultivate emerging m arkets. Also the corporate culture of Samsungs management and LGs harmony and solidarity and any changes in their culture in the future, Chapter4 sign Business Operation in India LG India is established in 1997 as a 100% subsidiary of LG. It currently positions as the global No. market share firm in the areas of color TV, microwave oven, automatic washing machine, airconditioner . LG India operates new manufacturing facilities in Noida, New Delhi and Pune in the region of Mumbai. LG aligned with an Indian company and supply 70% of its total component parts. Particularly, the second factory in the Pune region around Mumbai produces GSM mobile phones, TV, refrigerators, air conditioners and washers. With its increasing production capabilities LG now expands its target market areas to southwesterly Region beyond the current North East Region market.Noida factory at the Indias northern area of New Delhi produces TV, refrigerator, air conditioners and microwave oven. Besides, LG opera tes software R & D Center in Bangalore from 1998 to utilize excellent pools of research resources. LGs strategic vision is to make India with 1. 1 billion people as the second global production base and achieve 10 billion . LG as well as plans to produce 20 million mobile phones by 2010 through utilizing production base in Pune . LG occupies 1 market position in home appliances including color TV, refrigerator, washer, air-conditioner, microwave oven, DVD players.LG similarly ranks 3 in PC, monitor and mobile phones. In 2005 LGs PC market share was fifth but customer preference rank was 1. Indian customers commit and preference of LG products are quite absolute. Within seven years after LG India started its operation the total sales of household electronic goods reached up to one billion dollars. The 2005 sales figure was 1. 8 billion ($) and its employees are 2,800. As of 2008, its employees are 3,000. The number of its branches is 125. every(prenominal) the dealerships are 18 ,200 and service centers are 1,100. In this way, LG established sales and service network throughout India.By 2010 LG will increase sales by 6 billion ($) and the amount of additional investment is cl million ($). Presidential leaders of LG India Mr. Kim started LG India . His career increase details include operation theatre director of electronic division of Changwon LG, Korea (19941996). Since then, his mostly oversea work fixs include Chicago, USA (19811984), Germany (1996), Dubai (19771980), Central America (e. g. , Panama 19881994). In November 1996 he agreed to work for LG India, and after one month of preparation and training he arrived in January 9th, 1997.He assumed the position of the professorship of LG India in 1997 and since then he made it grow to be No 1 global firm of home appliances market. In recognition of his outstanding performance in LG India he was promoted to the senior executive president of Southeast Asia Division in 2005. In January 2008 he conclude d his work at LG after completing his work as the president of LG India. Since 1997 the annual growth rate of LG 9 India was 25-30%, which is the result of continuous innovative thought for localization, brand building with new product ideas and ever changing marketing strategy including sports marketing.Some of his leadership elements are summarized as below (Kim, 2009). (1) Openness and Transparent counsel Mr. Kim asserts importance of bleakness in localization. This openness is based on imageing of local workers and beliefs on them. Without transparent management, however, this openness is not attained. Mr. Kim really tried to make management transparent in localization of LG. For example, he had corporate meeting with more than 150 mangers at 900 A. M. of every second Saturday of each month. Here, all the cost information, profit and loss statements are disclosed to all the participating managers.In this way all the mangers understand the overall operational status. Outsider s are allowed to consider and observe the factory operations. Mr. Kim says, Positive thinking enhances the meaning of this life. If you have such positive view of work and India, then you will experience quite different results compared to those who moot India as a place of unfading sufferings. Positive thinking, optimistic perspective and open management are quite important. such(prenominal) mindset also relates to the motivation of employees in India. (2) Emphasis on sanctionFor localization, beliefs in local workers have connection to empowerment. Mr. Kim always puts this credo into practice. For example, he says, The great power is in en consecrateing others. Many Korean executives ask, Are Indian managers sureness worth(predicate)y? Mr. Kim always replies, Yes, I trust them. To the extent I trust them, they display their loyalty. Ordinary people trust others no more than 50%. However, we expect others to trust ourselves 100%. 99% of people trust that. Empowerment trans forms people. If you cannot trust others, then dont demand their loyalty, either.Although you may experience undesirable results later, it is better to trust people first. For example, at nine oclock there is no Korean manager and yet many Indians work here and there. Indian managers work on their own initiatives. Compared to India LG, Mr. Kim comments on a factory of LG China, At night many Korean mangers rub in the factory and supervise Chinese workers. This is not impelling. If so, they do not understand it as their own company. They only realise it as Korean company and quite keep resentful feelings inside. 10 (3) positive Discipline of ManagementMr. Kim implemented empowerment and at the same time strengthened organizational disciplines. Mr. Kim used the term, discipline. Noida factory director said, Mr. Kim never cancels any meeting that he chairs. He hardly misses work because of sickness. Empowerment requires doctrinal construction of work structures. Mr. Kim close s the book twice a month. At that time, chief financial officer of LG Korea even did not understand the principle of such practice. With empowerment based on trust Mr. Kim successfully implemented systematic management structures.As the result, LG India mangers took every 15th of each month same as the last day of the month for performance evaluations of each usable units. (4) Innovation based on localization of R&D and customer-focused strategy For the success of localization, Mr. Kim emphasizes continuous innovation based on localization of R&D and customer-focused strategy. Through localization of R&D, products which fit local customers come into existence. This credo relates to customer-focused strategy, as localization of R&D is necessary for satisfaction of local customer.For example, the total number of R & D personnel of LG India is 150, which is the largest among MNCs. India LG has the large number of R & D personnel comparing with ration of total employees. Mr. Kim comme nts, kettle of fish is about independence from the Korea Head Offices. This mustiness include R & Ds independence as well. (5) Market and Field-Based Leadership Mr. Kim visited almost all parts of India on foot. In the course of building nation-wide marketing network he visited all the important places of India. LG India has 46 marketing centers and 70 other remote area offices are in operation as well. 6) Rapid Decision Making Mr. Kims speed of purpose making is very fast. The style of his decision making is, clear, simple and precise. He rarely says, Let me think over and talk about this later. Chapter 5 Localization Strategy in India This section summarizes localization strategy and a few success factors of LG India (Park, 11 2009). LG Korea points three factors for LG Indias superior performance outcomes. First, production of high premium quality of products, Second, localization insurance efforts, Third, strong distribution network for considerable rural areas.Among these three, localization policy initiatives are the most critical of all. LG India employs unique marketing practices with right products that fit to Indian market requirements (SERI, 2007b). In 1997 LG India deployed 70 product lines all together and started establishing LG brand power in Indian market. For new product development LG India became successful to plant the brand awareness among Indians that LG products reflect Indian tastes with Korean technologies. For example, Indian traditional costumes are quite thin and therefore quite sensitive for frail pressures.LG India developed washers that do not use circulating wing in the center and accordingly they were a huge market success (SERI, 2007a). Initially, LG India produced products in the form of OEM through strategic alliances with Indian local suppliers (Park, 2009). However, with dim productivity progress in Indian suppliers, LG senior production manger started working together with Indian workers in the factory floor. He at e with them and discovered the mulish problem areas. In this way, there was forceful change in work attitude and habits among Indian workers and accordingly noticeable productivity improvement became a reality.Since more than ten different languages are spoken among workers, LG India devised a system through which workers may admit production instructions in their own languages. The primary reason why Japanese electronics firms were unable to capture Indian market was their failure in local accommodations. Because of tottering electric supply in India, adventures make it in relation to uneven flows of electricity. LG India investigated the causes of this accident and subsequently developed condenser that is capable enough to function under unstable electrical flows.In this way, component parts were fresh developed according to the local conditions. LG India boldly transferred almost all of decision making powers (up to 99%) to local experts who would devise effective marketin g campaigns to handle changing customer requirements in India. LG India also introduced drum washer and dish washer product lines that have direct drive functionality. At the first year LG India sold 4,000 units of dish washers whose components are imported from Korea and then assembled in India. The sell price range was 40,000 to 80,000 rupees. Drum washer is produced in LG-owned factory nearby of Pune area.LG emphasizes the functional advantages of its washers in terms of substantial decrease in 12 washing time and water usage. LG India also extends the period of free warranty of its new products from two years to seven years. Even in mobile phone development, LG India considered the local conditions. For example, in view of high noise level, the bell sound of the Indian phones is much louder than that of other advanced countries (Chosun, 2008. 9. 25). Even now, no more than 20 Korean managers work in LG India while the number of Indian employees is 3,000.For the good confeder ation relations LG India built public health center nearby of its manufacturing facility at Noida. It also employs doctors, pharmacists and nurses to serve the people in the community at no cost to the people. At the 2nd factory location of Pune area LG India is also in the mold of building public health center. LG is not merely making money. Rather, it is establishing the favorable corporate image to the people in that it creates employment opportunities for the people and contributes to the overall wellbeing of the community.LG India also takes much effort in sports marketing. LG India sponsored cricket National Championship for more than ten years and accordingly enhanced LG brand awareness Samsung engages in sports marketing in global scale while LG employs sports marketing in national or regional level. For example, Samsung implements brand promotion through its sponsorship of Chelsea soccer Team for targeting the entire Europe. LG, on the other hand, focuses its sports marke ting for particular nations. From 1999 LG has invested heavily on cricket World Cup which South Africa, India and Thailand hosted respectively.LG is proud of sponsoring local and regional everyday sports such as Cricket World Cup and promotes its products through direct and relative marketing strategy. This is quite different from Samsungs global sports marketing based on its abundant financial resources (Park and Park, 2007). Since the most favorite sport of Indians is Cricket, LG also embedded Cricket game functions in its TVs sold in India as well. Another reason why LG India was so successful in India was its focal ratio middle class strategy. LG India targeted upper 5% of Indians through high premium product strategy. These people have purchasing power for LG products.Besides, such brand image also allows other customers that join the upper middle classes prefer LG brands for the status symbol effect. Lastly, for localization strategy of LG India cobweb distribution and ser vice strategy are important factors . LG India from its early pioneering years poured much of its resources to develop distribution and services networks which include 18 branches in major regions, 1,800 logistic centers and 85 service centers throughout the nation. While other firms 13 paid little attention to after services, LG India allocated almost half of its human resources for the after-services.LG India also adopted saleswomen system that utilized Indias vast pool of women workforce. LG India was the first that implemented the system of saleswomen in India. These saleswomen certainly contributed to the sales increase of electrical household goods. culmination The international economic crisis of 2008-2011 was changing both general environment and the LG Electronics growth. The consequence was a fall of the financial results Table 1. LG Electronics in 2011 a crisis of the profitability (in % of total) proportionality 1= Net income Revenue -0. % Ratio 2= Net income Total as sets -1. 5% Ratio 3= Net income Total equity -3. 8% Source LG Electronics. But with around 91,000 employees en 2011, LGE remained the worlds second largest television manufacture and the fifth largest mobile phone maker. In spite of the world economic crisis, LG Electronics aims to make the company one global top 3 in terms of shareholder return, profitability, growth, sales and market share. In this way, the LG Group adopted, in 2007, three specific values and, consecutively, six strategiesTable 2. LG Electronics strategy task Vision Global Top 3 in Electronics & IT Industries Three values 1/ Creating customer values through innovations and differential designs2/ maximizing shareholder values3/ Building an organization worth benchmarking Six strategies 1/ Focusing on boosting ROIC51 instead of simple growth2/ Optimizing the portfolio3/ Counter measuring the market bipolarization4/ Technology innovation and design differentiation5/ Strengthening brand investments6/ Reinforcing gl obal competencies Indeed, the LG Group remains a strong economic actor.It controls very profitable subsidiaries. It is the case concerning LG Chem, LG display and, above all, LG Corp. , the LG Groups holding Table 3. The profitability of the most important LG Groups companies in 2011 (in %) LG Chem. 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